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Home My WebLink About2020-08-13 EEC Meeting PacketAgenda Energy and Environment Commission City Of Edina, Minnesota VIRTUAL MEETING Members of the public can observe the meeting by watching the live stream on YouTube at youtube.com/edinatv or by listening in by calling toll free 1-415-655-0001 with Access code: 133 789 4533. Thursday, August 13, 2020 7:00 PM I.Call To Order II.Roll Call III.Approval Of Meeting Agenda IV.Approval Of Meeting Minutes A.Minutes: Energy and Environment Commission, July 9, 2020 V.Special Recognitions And Presentations A.Sustainability in Engineering B.Annual Water Resources Coordinator's Report VI.Community Comment During "Community Comment," the Board/Commission will invite residents to share relevant issues or concerns. Individuals must limit their comments to three minutes. The Chair may limit the number of speakers on the same issue in the interest of time and topic. Generally speaking, items that are elsewhere on tonight's agenda may not be addressed during Community Comment. Individuals should not expect the Chair or Board/Commission Members to respond to their comments tonight. Instead, the Board/Commission might refer the matter to sta% for consideration at a future meeting. VII.Reports/Recommendations A.2020 Work Plan progress report B.Initiative 2: Education Events C.Initiative 5: PARC Initiative Feedback D.Chair and Vice Chair Elections E.2021 Work Plan Development VIII.Chair And Member Comments A.Green Business Recognition Program Working Group Update B.Working Group Minutes C.Climate Action Plan Committee Update IX.Sta4 Comments A.Energy Benchmarking Update B.Organics Recycling Update C.Senior U of M Engineering Capstone Projects X.Adjournment The City of Edina wants all residents to be comfortable being part of the public process. If you need assistance in the way of hearing ampli7cation, an interpreter, large-print documents or something else, please call 952-927-8861 72 hours in advance of the meeting. Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: IV.A. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: Minutes From:Liz Moore, Engineering Coordinator Item Activity: Subject:Minutes: Energy and Environment Commission, July 9, 2020 Action CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: Motion to approve the July 9, 2020 Minutes for the Energy and Environment Commission INTRODUCTION: Receive the Energy and Environment Commission Minutes of June 11, 2020. ATTACHMENTS: Description July 9, 2020 Meeting Minutes Agenda Energy and Environment Commission City Of Edina, Minnesota VIRTUAL MEETING Members of the public can observe the meeting by watching the live stream on YouTube at youtube.com/edinatv or by listening in by calling 800-374-0221 with Conference ID 4185086. Thursday, July 9, 2020 7:00 PM I.Call To Order Chair Jackson called the meeting to order at 7:06 PM. II.Roll Call III.Approval Of Meeting Agenda Motion by Richard Manser to Approve amended meeting agenda and move Item 9D to 7A. Seconded by Melissa Seeley. Motion Carried. IV.Approval Of Meeting Minutes A.Minutes: Energy and Environment Commission, June 11, 2020 Motion by Michelle Horan to Approve June 11, 2020 meeting minutes. Seconded by Hilda Martinez Salgado. Motion Carried. V.Special Recognitions And Presentations A.Edina Achieves GreenStep Cities Program Step 5 City of Edina moved from Step 4 to Step 5 for GreenStep Cities. Ukasha Dakane arrived at 7:11 PM. VI.Community Comment During "Community Comment," the Board/Commission will invite residents to share relevant issues or concerns. Individuals must limit their comments to three minutes. The Chair may limit the number of speakers on the same issue in the interest of time and topic. Generally speaking, items that are elsewhere on tonight's agenda may not be addressed during Community Comment. Individuals should not expect the Chair or Board/Commission Members to respond to their comments tonight. Instead, the Board/Commission might refer the matter to staff for consideration at a future meeting. VII.Reports/Recommendations A.Review Draft CAS Policy Update Staff is proposing to revise policy at the July 21st Council Meeting and will include: Allowing more than a single staff person to be funded through this fund Allowing public education and events to be funded Allowing green fleet funding Clarify how funds can be used to go above replacement of building units Commission member comments: Policy should continue to set aside funding for no less than one full- time person. In favor of broadened scope. Concern over Sustainability being moved from the Administration Department to the Engineering Department. B.2021 Work Plan Kick-Off 2021 Work Plan Ideas: Residential outreach and recognition To-go packaging ordinance Review 2020 Work Plan and move items over to 2021 that were not completed Only add 1 or 2 new work plan items Climate Action Plan to move to 2021 Business Recognition Program is ongoing Include a work plan item with HRRC Revive working group for organics Help pass an enhanced tree ordinance and update City strategy Coordination with other cities on climate action How do we look at inequities in the environmental movement Plastic bag ordinance Community wide environmental event listening to what the community is saying Exploring ways of partnering with under-served/other communities to outreach/educate businesses Research and report on inequities in the environmental movement Water sensors for irrigation systems ETC cross commission project No mow may education C.Initiative 1: Climate Action Plan Decision to form a committee instead of a working group Committee to brainstorm inventory that can inform future work plan and/or future Climate Action Plan implementation actions. Report back on progress monthly. D.Initiative 2: Education Events Farmers Markets at Rosland Park are opportunity for tabling. Organics Recycling Coordinator, Twila Singh, has resources available. E.Initiative 4: Cross-commission event with HRRC Update City Council removed this initiative from the HRRC workplan and replaced it with a new initiative to lead community conversations about race, justice and policing. F.Initiative 5: PARC Initiative Feedback Currently on pause VIII.Chair And Member Comments A.Green Business Recognition Program Working Group Update No new updates since last meeting Meeting for Galleria application next week Brainstorming how to promote program Meet with Commissioner Dakane about how to outreach to businesses he has access to B.Greening of City Fleets Chair Jackson requested the 2018 GreenCorps report of the City Fleet be sent to the mayor. IX.Staff Comments A.Energy Benchmarking Update 50% compliance and a good number to shoot for is 80% About a dozen buildings have asked for extensions to mid July Edina has the highest compliance rate right now among all cities in the Efficient Buildings Collaborate B.Energy Initiatives in Transportation Transportation Planner is proposing a tiered approach to speed limit changes, bringing that proposal to the ETC July meeting and the City Council's July 21st work session. The proposed CAS policy update would allow for funding for greening the City's fleet - recommendation was made that there be extra fuel efficiency and emission reductions. Transportation Planner is developing an EV Strategy and planning to go to council before the end of the year. Transportation Planner is working on a Travel Demand Management policy as a follow-up to the ETC's work on the topic. Commissioners were directed to send their feedback to Liaison Wilson so that she could submit those comments to the Transportation Planner. The Transportation Planner is updating the Living Streets Plan with updates to include sustainability. C.Organics Recycling Update All 13,000 carts have been delivered 10% of residents opted out of accepting a cart Participation rates of 25-30% Low contamination rate Tabling/Hand Outs at Farmers Markets would be helpful in education D.Sustainability in the Engineering Department Sustainability Coordinator position has been posted again and will close July 31st. The goal is to onboard by October 1st. The advisory communication to Council can be removed from the packet. Motion by Richard Manser to Remove the advisory communication from the July 21st Council Packet. Seconded by Paul Hussain. Motion Carried. X.Adjournment Meeting adjourned at 9:28 PM Motion by Lauren Satterlee to Adjourn Meeting. Seconded by Richard Manser. Motion Carried. The City of Edina wants all residents to be comfortable being part of the public process. If you need assistance in the way of hearing amplification, an interpreter, large-print documents or something else, please call 952-927-8861 72 hours in advance of the meeting. J F M A M J J A S O N D # of Mtgs.Attendance % Meetings/Work Sessions 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 NAME Dakane, Ukasha 1 1 1 1 1 5 71% Glahn, William 1 1 2 29% Horan, Michelle 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 100% Hussian, Paul 1 1 1 1 4 57% Jackson, Carolyn 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 100% Manser, Richard 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 86% Satterlee, Lauren 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 100% Seeley, Melissa 1 1 1 1 1 5 71% Lanzas, Bayardo 1 1 1 1 1 5 71% Martinez, Hilda 1 1 1 1 1 5 71% Maynor, Chole (s)1 1 1 1 4 57% Ana Martinez (s)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 100% ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT COMMISSION Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: V.A. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: From:Chad Millner, Engineering Director Item Activity: Subject:Sustainability in Engineering CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: INTRODUCTION: Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: V.B. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: Report and Recommendation From:Jessica Wilson, Water Resources Coordinator Item Activity: Subject:Annual Water Resources Coordinator's Report Information CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: None. INTRODUCTION: Annual report on water resources activities. ATTACHMENTS: Description Report The CITYofEDINAThe CITYofEDINAWater Resources Coordinator’s ReportJessica V. Wilson, CFMAugust 13, 2020 The CITYofEDINAWater Resources ManagementLakes, ponds, creeks, wetlandsGroundwaterFlooding and drainagePollution preventionCommunity engagement The CITYofEDINAwww.EdinaMN.gov3Comprehensive Water Resources Management Plan(2018)Runoff ManagementFlood ControlClean WaterFlood Risk Reduction StrategyClean Water Strategy The CITYofEDINAFlood Risk Reduction Strategy•Task Force•Report•Types of flooding•Flood risk factors•Drivers of increasing risk•City sectors of work•Flood Risk interactive map•Fact Sheets•Major amendment to Comprehensive Water Resources Management Planwww.EdinaMN.gov4www.EdinaMN.gov/flooding The CITYofEDINAwww.EdinaMN.gov5Morningside Flood Infrastructure Projectwww.BetterTogetherEdina.org/Morningside The CITYofEDINALake Level Management Plans•Arrowhead Lake•Indianhead Lakewww.EdinaMN.gov6 The CITYofEDINAClean Water Strategy•2020•Lake Cornelia•Nine Mile Creek Watershed District completed a lake study in 2019 www.EdinaMN.gov7 The CITYofEDINALake Cornelia•Invasive curly leaf pondweed control (annual)•Alum treatment (spring 2020)•Management of non-native fish (initiated in 2020)•Rosland Park stormwater filtration project (in design)•Shoreline restoration (in progress)www.EdinaMN.gov8www.BetterTogetherEdina.org/lake-cornelia-vegetation-project The CITYofEDINANotable Projects – Mill Pond at Sunnyslope Rdwww.EdinaMN.gov9Before and after shoreline stabilization The CITYofEDINANotable Projects –Arden Park Restorationwww.EdinaMN.gov10New stream alignment, shelter building, trail, and plantingsStormwater infiltration swale The CITYofEDINAFlooding and Drainage•Interactive map•Self-service tools•Policies for Stormwater Management, Erosion and Sediment Control, Floodplain Development, and Private Wellswww.EdinaMN.gov11Edina’s Interactive Water Resources Map The CITYofEDINA•Incorporated Lake Associations•-Arrowhead Lake Association•-The Indianhead Lake Association•- Friends of Melody Lake•- Lake Nancy Lake Association•Aquatic Vegetation Management- Reduce invasive curlyleafpondweed•- Manage nuisance algae blooms•- Encourage native aquatic plants including duckweed•-Accommodate requests for serviceLakes, Ponds, Creeks, Wetlandswww.EdinaMN.gov12 The CITYofEDINAGroundwater•Groundwater wellsinteractive map•Private Well Policy•Well sealing grants•Wellhead ProtectionPlan update (on hold)www.EdinaMN.gov13www.EdinaMN.gov/groundwater The CITYofEDINAPrivate groundwater wells•2,000+ sealed wells•1,000+ unsealed•39 residential domestic userswww.EdinaMN.gov14 The CITYofEDINA•Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4)•New MS4 permit issued by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency is expected soon•Erosion and sediment control inspections and enforcement•Clean Water Best Management Practices (BMPs) inventory, assessment, and maintenance Pollution Preventionwww.EdinaMN.gov15Street sweeper The CITYofEDINA16More than 2000 structuresAbout 80 miles of stormwater mainsMajority of system installed in 1950s and 1960sOperation and Maintenance The CITYofEDINAIllicit Dischargeswww.EdinaMN.gov17 The CITYofEDINAChloride•Ongoing training and technology upgrades•New Property Manager training•Environmental Leadership Award recipient at 2019 Road Salt Symposium•Chloride Model Contract presentation at New Hampshire Salt Symposium•Segmented plow blades, with grant funding from the Nine Mile Creek Watershed Districtwww.EdinaMN.gov18Segmented plow blades more effectively clear snow so less salt is used The CITYofEDINACommunity Engagementwww.EdinaMN.gov19CleanWaterMN.org The CITYofEDINAAdopt-a-Drain•Launched in Edina March 2019•65 new participants in 2019•100 drains adopted in 2019•City sponsors welcome kits with yard signswww.EdinaMN.gov20 The CITYofEDINAAdopt-a-Drainwww.EdinaMN.gov21Video co-produced by TPT and Hamline University’s Center for Global Environmental EducationEach new adopter and those named as their referrer will receive a free tote when they sign up between now and Labor Day (9/7/2020)www.adopt-a-drain.orgwww.cleanwatermn.orgYard sign included in sponsored welcome kit The CITYofEDINANatural Resources•Braemar Golf Course•Lake Cornelia shoreline restoration•Fire Station 1 turf conversion•Melody Lake shoreline restoration•Pollinator Friendly Resolutionwww.EdinaMN.gov22Fire Station 1 bee lawn installationPublic Works raingarden controlled burnBee on Blazing Star, Braemar Academy 9Monarch on Swamp Milkweed, Braemar Academy 9 The CITYofEDINAInteractive Water Resources Map•Clean Water Best Management Practices (BMPs)•Bathymetry (lake topography)•Flood inundation areas•Stormwater infrastructure•Groundwater contamination vulnerability•And more…Water Resources Library•Department of Natural Resources permits•Plans, policies, studies•Water related agreements•Bathymetry map PDFs•FEMA floodplain property PDFs•And more…Water Resources Information online www.EdinaMN.gov23 Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: VII.A. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: Report and Recommendation From:Jessica Wilson, Liaison Item Activity: Subject:2020 Work Plan progress report Discussion CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: None. INTRODUCTION: The approved 2020 work plan has been updated with progress reports for each initiative. The EEC work session with City Council is September 15th. Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: VII.B. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: From:Bayardo Lanzas, Commissioner Item Activity: Subject:Initiative 2: Education Events CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: INTRODUCTION: Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: VII.C. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: From:Carolyn Jackson, Commissioner Item Activity: Subject:Initiative 5: PARC Initiative Feedback CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: INTRODUCTION: ATTACHMENTS: Description Recommendations from EEC to PARC Comments MEMORANDUM To: Rick Ites, Chair, Edina Parks and Recreation Commission From: Carolyn Jackson, Chair, Edina Energy and Environment Commission Date: August 12, 2020 Regarding: Incorporating sustainability into the priority for capital improvements in Edina’s Parks The Edina City Council asked the PARC to develop criteria that incorporates sustainability for prioritizing capital improvements for Edina park infrastructure. Drawing from the City’s Redevelopment Questionnaire, here are the sustainability issues we recommend that the PARC consider: 1. Sustainable Design and Energy a. Have you utilized Xcel Energy and/or Centerpoint Energy’s Energy Design Assistance program? b. Will the buildings meet SB2030 energy goals? Will they be Energy Star certified? If not, please share steps to support energy conservation. c. Renewable energy generation on site? d. Purchase of renewable energy credits? e. Have the buildings been sited to maximize natural light in the winter and shade in the summer? f. What is the carbon footprint of the materials used for construction? 2. Managing Water a. What percent of the property has impervious surface before the project? And after? b. What new services will be pervious? c. How will the landscaping support the natural ecosystem? (e.g. rain gardens, native plants, pollinator friendly plants) d. Is this park part of the City’s stormwater management plan? How can it be used to reduce flooding risk in the neighborhood due to climate change? e. Can foot paths and parking lots be pervious surfaces? 3. Managing Tree Canopy a. What percent of the property is covered by tree canopy before redevelopment? What percent post development? b. Will you be replanting/replacing trees at least 4 to 5 inches in diameter to positively impact the tree canopy? c. Are you planting a variety of tree cultivars? d. Are the trees part of a water management plan? Part of a shade plan? 4. Managing Waste a. If existing structures are being removed, do you plan to use green-deconstruction methods with maximum recycling of materials? b. In construction, is there a plan to minimize materials that go to landfills? c. Are there opportunities for recycling or organics recycling in this location? 5. Sustainable Transportation a. Is there bike parking available? b. Is the park connected to bike/ped paths? Are these clearly marked and easily accessible from the park’s amenities? c. Are there ride-share designated parking places? 6. Sustainable Education a. Does this park have opportunities for ecology education? For example, signs pointing out natural features (plants, trees, geology), access to ponds and water features, pollinator gardens. b. Are there unique horticulture features to this park, such as experimental grass, tree management, plan for reduction of invasive species? Once these questions have been answered, we recommend the following priorities: 1. Incorporating the park in question into Edina’s stormwater management plans. 2. Using design to minimize the energy footprint of the buildings in the park. 3. Designing the parking and path elements to encourage safe biking and walking and to encourage carpooling to the park. 4. Reducing the solid waste created in construction. 5. Encouraging ecology educational opportunities in the park. MEMORANDUM To: Edina Parks and Recreation Commission From: Edina Energy and Environment Commission Date: August 12, 2020 Regarding: Incorporating sustainability into the priority for capital improvements in Edina’s Parks The Edina City Council asked the PARC to develop criteria that incorporates sustainability for prioritizing capital improvements for Edina park infrastructure. Drawing from the City’s Redevelopment Questionnaire, here are the sustainability issues we recommend that the PARC consider: 1. Sustainable Design and Energy a. Have you utilized Xcel Energy and/or Centerpoint Energy’s Energy Design Assistance program? b. Will the buildings meet SB2030 energy goals? Will they be Energy Star certified? If not, please share steps to support energy conservation. c. Renewable energy generation on site? d. Purchase of renewable energy credits? e. Have the buildings been sited to maximize natural light in the winter and shade in the summer? f. What is the carbon footprint of the materials used for construction? g. Have you applied for any other green building certification? (list examples?) 2. Managing Water a. What percent of the property has impervious surface before the project? And after? b. What new services will be pervious? c. How will the landscaping support the natural ecosystem? (e.g. rain gardens, native plants, pollinator friendly plants) d. Is this park part of the City’s stormwater management plan? How can it be used to reduce flooding risk in the neighborhood due to climate change? e. Can foot paths and parking lots be pervious surfaces? 3. Managing Tree Canopy a. What percent of the property is covered by tree canopy before redevelopment? What percent post development? b. Will you be replanting/replacing trees at least 4 to 5 inches in diameter to positively impact the tree canopy? c. Are you planting a variety of tree cultivars? d. Are the trees part of a water management plan? Part of a shade plan? 4. Managing Waste a. If existing structures are being removed, do you plan to use green-deconstruction methods with maximum recycling of materials? b. In construction, is there a plan to minimize materials that go to landfills? c. Reducing waste is a priority for the City. Have you provided recycling and/or organics recycling in this location? 5. Sustainable Transportation a. Is there bike parking available? b. Is the park connected to bike/ped paths? Are these clearly marked and easily accessible from the park’s amenities? c. Are there ride-share designated parking places? d. Is there an opportunity for EV chargers? 6. Sustainable Education a. Does this park have opportunities for ecology education? For example, signs pointing out natural features (plants, trees, geology), access to ponds and water features, pollinator gardens. b. Are there unique horticulture features to this park, such as experimental grass, tree management, plan for reduction of invasive species? Once these questions have been answered, we recommend the following priorities: 1. Incorporating the park in question into Edina’s stormwater management plans. 2. Using design to minimize the energy footprint of the buildings in the park. 3. Designing the parking and path elements to encourage safe biking and walking and to encourage carpooling to the park. 4. Reducing the solid waste created in construction and operation of the park 5. Encouraging ecology educational opportunities in the park. Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: VII.D. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: From:Jessica Wilson, Liaison Item Activity: Subject:Chair and Vice Chair Elections CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: INTRODUCTION: Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: VII.E. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: Report and Recommendation From:Jessica Wilson, Liaison Item Activity: Subject:2021 Work Plan Development Discussion CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: None. INTRODUCTION: The commission will discuss 2021 work plan priorities. The proposed work plan must be approved by the EEC at their September meeting. The Chair will present the proposed work plan to the Council at the October 6th City Council work session. The City Manager and staff finalize the work plans and seek Council approval in December. ATTACHMENTS: Description 2021 Work Plan Ideas Ranking Lead Support Initiative Type Charge Impact Sector Liaison noteA.Climate Action Plan (carryover from 2020 to 2021). ProjectReview and Comment Planning all Staff work plan item.B.Business Recognition Program outreach and application review (from 2020, ongoing).Annual/OngoingReview and DecideRelationship building with business communityE, W, SW, AQ, LMC.Education events focused on organics and recycling (carryover from 2020 to 2021). Revive working group. EventReview and DecideReduction of residential waste to meet MPCA goal of 75% waste diversion and nominal GHG emission reduction SWWe can include events, then adjust as needed to continue to follow CDC and MDH guidelines.D.Residential recognition program. ProjectReview and Decide Relationship building all, anyMay be able to use existing Hometown Heroes or annual Mayor's Commendation to feature a person(s).E.Residential outreach program. ProjectReview and DecideCommunity building, inclusion all, anyF.To‐go packaging and plastic bag ordinance.ProjectReview and CommentPotential for nominal waste reduction to meet MPCA waste diversion goal SWG.Include a work plan item with HRRC. Project or EventReview and DecideCommunity building, inclusion all, anyThis needs to be more specific. We can include events, then adjust as needed to continue to follow CDC and MDH guidelines.H.ETC cross commission project. ProjectStudy and Report TThis needs to be more specific.I.Help pass an enhanced tree ordinance and update City tree strategy. ProjectStudy and Report or Review and CommentPotential for nominal carbon sequestoring LM, AQSector Key: Energy (E), Transportation (T), Water (W), Solid Waste (SW), Air Quality (AQ), Land Management and Sustainable Development (LM)Directions: Rank your top 5 choices, giving your top choice the highest value of 5 and your last choice the lowest value of 1. Then, if you're interested in being a lead or support, please indicate in the corresponding columns.2021 Work Plan IdeasLiaison Wilson will provide an updated copy at the August meeting which will include the member's ranked ideas for discussion Ranking Lead Support Initiative Type Charge Impact Sector Liaison noteSector Key: Energy (E), Transportation (T), Water (W), Solid Waste (SW), Air Quality (AQ), Land Management and Sustainable Development (LM)Directions: Rank your top 5 choices, giving your top choice the highest value of 5 and your last choice the lowest value of 1. Then, if you're interested in being a lead or support, please indicate in the corresponding columns.2021 Work Plan IdeasJ.Water sensors for irrigation systems. ProjectStudy and ReportPotential for nominal water savings W2003 legislation (https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/103G.298). Not in plumbing code, irrigation systems don't require a permit, no agency responsible for enforcement currently.K.Coordination with other cities on climate action. Project or EventReview and Decide all, anyThis needs to be more specific. We can include events, then adjust as needed to continue to follow CDC and MDH guidelines.L.Study and report on inequities in the environmental movement. ProjectStudy and ReportCommunity building, inclusion all, anyThis could be the HRRC crossover project. Recommend EEC to lead and ask HRRC to review and comment.M.Exploring ways of partnering with under‐served/other communities to outreach/educate businesses. ProjectStudy and ReportCommunity building, inclusion, relationship building with businesses all, anyN.Community wide environmental event listening to what the community is saying. EventReview and DecideCommunity building, inclusion all, anyWe can include events, then adjust as needed to continue to follow CDC and MDH guidelines.O.No Mow May education. Project or EventReview and DecideSupport pollinators and ecosystem services LMWe can include events, then adjust as needed to continue to follow CDC and MDH guidelines.P.Citywide waste collection day. ProjectStudy and Report SW Ranking Lead Support Initiative Type Charge Impact Sector Liaison noteSector Key: Energy (E), Transportation (T), Water (W), Solid Waste (SW), Air Quality (AQ), Land Management and Sustainable Development (LM)Directions: Rank your top 5 choices, giving your top choice the highest value of 5 and your last choice the lowest value of 1. Then, if you're interested in being a lead or support, please indicate in the corresponding columns.2021 Work Plan IdeasQ.Advocating for street sweeping. ProjectStudy and Report Improve water quality W2015 Edina Street Sweeping Management Plan would be good resource.R.Education and engagement on water initiatives like adopt a drain. Project or EventReview and DecideImprove water quality WWe can include events, then adjust as needed to continue to follow CDC and MDH guidelines.S.Develop a program with realtors to give sellers the opportunity to showcase environmental improvements to their homes (such as insulation). ProjectReview and Decide ET.Study and report on access to environmental resources/programs for renters. ProjectStudy and ReportCommunity building, inclusion E, W, SW City rental housing licensing and inspection program started at end of 2019.U.Green Building Policy. ProjectReview and Comment E, W, LM Staff work plan item.V.Review Conservation and Sustainability (CAS) fund proposed Capital Improvement Plan. Annual/OngoingReview and CommentPlanning, capital improvement spending allIncluded in CAS policy. Review and comment on proposed projects and programs funded by CAS fund. Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: VIII.A. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: From:Michelle Horan, Commissioner Item Activity: Subject:Green Business Recognition Program Working Group Update CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: INTRODUCTION: Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: VIII.B. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: Correspondence From:Liz Moore, Engineering Coordinator Item Activity: Subject:Working Group Minutes Information CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: None. INTRODUCTION: Receive minutes from BEWG. ATTACHMENTS: Description BEWG Minutes July 11, 2020 BEWG Minutes Tuesday July14th, 7:00 via Zoom In attendance: Michelle Horan Janet Kitui Ana Martinez Reviewed the Galleria GBR application. They scored 57 points for Gold status. We decided to set up an appointment with Michael Olson, who filled out the application, to get more information on the actions they have taken. It will be both a learning and verification meeting. We will wait to make their Gold status official until after the meeting. Question: on the GBRP applications tenants can claim points from actions the property owners has taken. Can property owners claim points for the actions taken by their tenants? In addition to reaching out to businesses and giving them information about the application it would be beneficial to have a document listing ideas and resources for businesses. Janet will put together some of the resources she has on green cleaning products and services. We would also like to reach out to more property managers. Janet will contact people who she knows working in property management to see if we can get some interest in the GBRP. Meeting concluded at 7:40 Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: VIII.C. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: From:Hilda Martinez, Commissioner Item Activity: Subject:Climate Action Plan Committee Update CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: INTRODUCTION: ATTACHMENTS: Description Climate Action Research Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: IX.A. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: From:Jessica Wilson, Liaison Item Activity: Subject:Energy Benchmarking Update CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: INTRODUCTION: Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: IX.B. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: From:Jessica Wilson, Liaison Item Activity: Subject:Organics Recycling Update CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: INTRODUCTION: Date: August 13, 2020 Agenda Item #: IX.C. To:Energy and Environment Commission Item Type: From:Jessica Wilson, Liaison Item Activity: Subject:Senior U of M Engineering Capstone Projects CITY OF EDINA 4801 West 50th Street Edina, MN 55424 www.edinamn.gov ACTION REQUESTED: INTRODUCTION: Reports from senior University of Minnesota Engineering capstone projects related to sustainability, Electric Vehicle Strategy and Embodied Carbon. ATTACHMENTS: Description Student Report_EV Policy and Infrastructure Plan Student Report _Infrastructure: Embodied Carbon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his is a student project and an academic exercise. City staff greatly value the work of these students and the creative ideas they bring to real issues that the City is working on. 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$SSHQGL[%'LVWULEXWLRQRI:ULWLQJ (IIRUW 7HDP 7HDP $SSHQGL[&)LQDO7357LPRWK\&DEDOOHUR2OLYLD3ROLQVN\ % $SSHQGL[&)LQDO735 )LJXUH&)LQDO7HDP3URJUHVV5HSRUW & )LJXUH&3ODQQHG3HUFHQW&RPSOHWHYV$FWXDO3HUFHQW&RPSOHWH )LJXUH&7RWDO3ODQQHGYV$FWXDO+RXUV & Sustainable Integrations 500 Pillsbury Drive S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455 April 30th, 2020 Ross Bintner City of Edina 4801 W 50th St. Edina, MN 55424 Dear Ross: Thank you for choosing Sustainable Integrations to aid the City of Edina in reducing carbon emissions related to city construction projects. The report addresses the embedded carbon in the production of five common building materials used in Edina: aggregate, concrete, asphalt, and five types of pipe (Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe, High-Density Polyethylene Pipe, Cured-In-Place Pipe, Reinforced Concrete Pipe, and Ductile Iron). An overall value for embedded carbon was obtained for each construction material. The percent contribution to the total embedded carbon of each ingredient within the building material was also evaluated. Our analysis reveals that the majority of the embedded carbon in concrete and asphalt are due to the production of the binder material. Out of the pipe materials, the 12’’diameter ductile iron pipe had the highest embedded carbon. Sustainable alternatives for each material are identified in this report. The results from each analysis were used to create an Embedded Carbon Calculator, which the City of Edina can use to characterize the carbon emissions for future projects involving the building materials. We recognize the necessity of future research to fully characterize the lifecycle of each material investigated in this report. To this end, the report presents pathways for future characterization of embodied carbon in all four building materials, built upon the foundation of our study. We enjoyed being on the front lines of new research on energy efficient building materials and look forward to working with you and the City of Edina in our future careers. Regards, Celina Tragesser Tasha Spencer Jamie Klamerus James Jorgenson Enclosures: 1.Final Report 2.Embedded Carbon Calculator Excel Sheet This is a student project and an academic exercise. City staff greatly value the work of these students and the creative ideas they bring to real issues that the City is working on. [Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the document or use this space to emphasize a key point. To place this text box anywhere on the page, just drag it.] 2 EDINA SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE: REDUCING NET- EMBODIED CARBON Prepared for the City of Edina April 30, 2020 Tasha Spencer Jamie Klamerus James Jorgenson Celina Tragesser i Certification Page By signing below, the team members submit that this report was prepared by them and is their original work to the best of their ability. Celina Tragesser Project Coordinator Jamie Klamerus Project Engineer Tasha Spencer Project Engineer James Jorgenson Project Engineer ii Executive Summary The City of Edina has set a goal to reduce 80% of their current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the year 2050. As a step towards meeting this goal, Sustainable Integrations was brought on to investigate decarbonization pathways within city construction projects and recommend sustainable improvements. This study evaluated carbon emissions associated with four commonly used construction materials in the city: 1. Aggregate 2. Concrete 3. Asphalt 4. Pipe (CIPP, RCP, Ductile Iron, HDPE, and PVC) The analysis of these materials focused on assessing the so-called embedded carbon, that is, the carbon emissions attributed to the extraction and fabrication processes of a material’s life cycle. Literature was used to select each material’s carbon coefficient; these are quantities relating the volume of carbon released for a unit volume of material used (lb CO2 / lb of material). The volume of each material used in Edina construction projects was characterized from 2018 project material data. The 2018 project data provided material type and quantities for construction materials purchased and installed in the city that year. Multiplying carbon coefficients by volume, quantified yearly carbon emissions associated with the construction materials. An Embedded Carbon Calculator was created as a deliverable. This tool compiled all the calculations and carbon coefficients into a spreadsheet. The spreadsheet can be used in future projects to prioritize sustainable improvements based on updated carbon coefficients. This study established that the binder material in asphalt and the Portland cement in concrete are the largest carbon emission producers; for example, the carbon coefficient for asphalt binder was approximately 160 times larger than that of aggregate. Regarding pipes, it was found that ductile iron has the largest embedded carbon, in units of lb of CO2 per linear foot of pipe, out of all the analyzed pipe types. In contrast, HDPE pipe material has the lowest embedded carbon. Sustainable Integrations recommends the City research tradeoffs associated with alternatives to binder and cement then use the alternatives when they meet project needs. For example, strength deficits in concrete are often associated with decreasing Portland cement content. However, alternative additives to Portland cement, such as fly ash and blast furnace slag, can reduce the embedded carbon of concrete significantly. With regard to pipe materials, HDPE pipe is the most sustainable alternative to use where applicable and endorsed by Sustainable Integrations. Appropriate HDPE installations include above and below ground water, gas, sewage, and wastewater pipelines. Ductile iron has the highest embedded carbon for pipes; therefore, limiting new installations is advised when other options are present. As Ductile Iron pipe is commonly used for water transport, it can be replaced with HDPE or PVC to achieve lower carbon emissions. Furthermore, it is suggested iii that the City request localized carbon coefficients and conduct a complete life cycle assessment of these materials to establish more feasible improvements the City can invest in. iv Table of Contents Abbreviations vii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Definition of Terms.................................................................................................................................. 2 3 Background Information ......................................................................................................................... 3 Sustainability ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Report Outline ................................................................................................................................. 3 4 Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Selecting the Top Four Materials ................................................................................................. 4 Top Four Building Materials........................................................................................................... 5 Concrete .................................................................................................................................... 5 Aggregate (Loose) ................................................................................................................... 6 Asphalt ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Pipe ............................................................................................................................................. 7 4.2.4.1 Cured-in Place Pipe (CIPP) .................................................................................................... 8 4.2.4.2 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) ..................................................................................... 8 4.2.4.3 Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) ......................................................................................... 8 4.2.4.4 Ductile Iron Pipe ...................................................................................................................... 8 4.2.4.5 Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC) .............................................................................................. 8 5 Analysis & Sustainable Improvements .................................................................................................. 9 Concrete ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Aggregate ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Asphalt ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Pipes ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Carbon Benchmark ....................................................................................................................... 14 6 Future Studies ........................................................................................................................................ 15 Next Steps ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Future Research ............................................................................................................................ 15 Incorporating Manufacturer By-products in Projects ................................................... 15 Extend Lifespan ..................................................................................................................... 16 Effects of Transportation Distance ................................................................................... 16 Road Surface Effect on Gas Efficiency .............................................................................. 16 v Deconstruction for Reuse .................................................................................................. 16 Effects of Disposal ................................................................................................................ 16 Absorption of CO2 ............................................................................................................... 17 7 Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 17 8 References............................................................................................................................................... 19 Appendix A MnDOT Curb and Gutter Drawings……………………………………………24 Appendix B Additional Information for Concrete & Aggregate………………………...……25 Appendix C Additional Information for Asphalt……………………………………………...28 Appendix D Additional Information for Pipe…………………………………………………29 Appendix E Schedule and Budget……………………………………………………….……34 vi List of Figures Figure 2-1 Terminology of carbon in the life cycle of construction materials 2 Figure 4-1 Top construction materials used in 2018, by cost 4 Figure 4-2 Percentage of each pipe type used by the City of Edina in 2018 7 Figure 5-1 Comparison of sustainable binder alternatives for concrete 10 Figure 5-2 Contribution of raw materials to volume and embedded carbon of one unit of asphalt 11 Figure 5-3 Total CO2 produced by the City of Edina in 2018, by pipe type 12 Figure 5-4 The CO2 per linear foot of each pipe type with a 12” diameter 13 Figure A-1 MnDOT Curb and Gutter Designs 24 Figure E-1 Total planned hours compared to actual project hours spent 34 Figure E-2 Percent completion of each task 34 vii List of Tables Table 5-1 Carbon coefficients for components in concrete 9 Table 5-2 Carbon to dollar comparison 9 Table 5-3 Carbon to dollar comparison of asphalt 11 Table 5-4 Total CO2 emissions from 2018 construction projects involving concrete, aggregate, asphalt, and various pipe materials. 14 Table B-1 SF concrete calculations 25 Table B-2 SY concrete calculations 25 Table B-3 Bulk Densities of Mix Materials 26 Table C-1 Breakdown of carbon emissions of asphalt components [E] 28 Table D-1 12 inch Diameter PVC CO2 Calculation Summary 29 Table D-2 12 inch Diameter HDPE CO2 Calculation Summary 30 Table D-3 12 inch Diameter CIPP CO2 Calculation Summary 30 Table D-4 12 inch Diameter RCP CO2 Calculation Summary 31 Table D-5 12 inch Diameter Ductile Iron CO2 Calculation Summary 31 Table D-6 PVC Primary Values and References 32 Table D-7 HDPE Primary Values and References 32 Table D-8 CIPP Primary Values and References 32 Table D-9 RCP Primary Values and References 33 Table D-10 Ductile Iron Primary Values and References 33 Table E-1 Project Budget with associated time and cost of each task. 35 Table F-1 Report outline showing section writer and reviewer. 36 viii Abbreviations C&D Construction and Demolition CIPP Cured-In-Place Pipe CO2 Carbon Dioxide CY Cubic Yard GHG Greenhouse Gas HDPE High-Density Polyethylene Pipe IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISI Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure LF Linear Feet LCA Life Cycle Assessment MPCA Minnesota Pollution Control Agency PVC Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe RCP Reinforced Concrete Pipe SF Square feet SY Square Yard VCP Vitrified Clay Pipe 1 1 Introduction Public infrastructure serves as the skeleton of life for many communities. Without continued maintenance and construction, the structures that connect people and places would be underdeveloped and the quality of life would decline. As a result, accelerated by aging infrastructure and growing populations, construction is an essential investment for governments; a total of 302 billion dollars of U.S. funds were spent on new public construction in 2018 alone [1]. To maximize the overall public benefit of these funds, there has been an increasing interest, by both local and federal governments, in deploying sustainable building practices. Sustainability is defined as the ability of a system to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs [2]. A key issue in achieving a sustainable future is the control and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These gases encompass carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane, nitrous oxides, and chlorofluorocarbons which are emitted at high rates in human activities such as burning fossil fuels [3]. GHGs create a buffer in the atmosphere, trapping solar radiation on Earth. This effect causes global warming, a major contributor to climate change [4]. Climate change adds stressors to human life and the surrounding infrastructure. One undesirable consequence of developing, building, and maintaining sustainable cities are the GHG emissions associated with the construction process. The construction sector accounts for nearly 40% of all GHGs produced by global industries [5]. Thus, in order to fully meet sustainability objectives, government agencies need to find ways to build and maintain infrastructure that produces less GHG emissions. The City of Edina, Minnesota, has set a goal to reduce their current GHG emissions by 80% by 2050. An area where the city can implement change is within their construction projects, specifically with material selection. This report investigates the City’s construction materials and the most promising options for sustainable alternatives. Four common construction materials (concrete, aggregate, asphalt, and pipes) remain the focus of this investigation, which aims to characterize their carbon emissions associated with the extraction and fabrication processes as well as indicate alternative materials to reduce carbon emissions. Literature has established quantities relating volume of carbon released for a unit volume of material used, known as carbon coefficients. After the major sources of carbon emissions are quantified, it is possible to prioritize and recommend future sustainable improvements. As a result, Edina will be able to compare carbon emissions with cost and identify sectors of construction in most need of sustainable alternatives. A spreadsheet calculator for the City of Edina was created as a project deliverable to be able to calculate the embedded carbon for common projects performed by the city. This spreadsheet is meant to be updated with more localized carbon coefficients once the values become available. Substantial research is needed in the sustainable building field, beyond the scope of this report, to more accurately quantify carbon emissions by making carbon coefficients more widely available. This report provides a foundation of research on sustainable building materials for Edina which will act as a pathway for future practices. 2 2 Definition of Terms This analysis uses several key terms to describe and quantify GHG emissions. As several terms are used interchangeably in this report, commonly used words are defined below. Figure 2-1 illustrates the commonly used terms. • Life cycle of a product includes material extraction, fabrication, installation, maintenance, and disposal [6]. • Life cycle assessment (LCA) traces the progression of each phase in the life cycle, documenting the resources consumed and the emissions released [7]. • Carbon footprint is the amount of GHGs released into the atmosphere associated with the production, use, and end-of-life of a product or service [8]. • Embodied carbon is the carbon footprint of a material. It is the total amount of GHG emissions attributed to a material throughout its life cycle [9]. • Embedded carbon is the total amount of carbon emissions attributed to a material from extraction to fabrication processes, and does not include all other life cycle emissions. • Cradle-to-gate as it is the partial life cycle analysis, for quantifying embedded carbon, from resource extraction (cradle) to the factory gate, prior to transportation to the consumer [9]. Figure 2-1: Terminology of carbon in the life cycle of construction materials Embodied and embedded carbon for a material are reported as a mass (pounds or kilograms) of CO2 released because CO2 is the highest produced GHG and therefore responsible for the greatest amount of environmental impact [6]. 3 3 Background Information The City of Edina covers an area of approximately 16 square miles within the Minneapolis metro area. The land is 95 percent developed and largely residential [10]. As of 2018, Edina has a population of approximately 52,000 people and the median income per household is $99,295 [10]. In general, the Edina community is interested in sustainability, and actions that will promote this movement in the city. Sustainability Edina saw an opportunity to progress their sustainability mission as they move forward in replacing highly used aging infrastructure in the city. The Edina Engineering Department manages city contracts and has been implementing several reconstruction projects that would ideally incorporate more sustainable solutions. Edina wanted to understand how sustainability parameters are practiced within the Engineering Department by conducting an Envision Sustainability Self-Assessment using the Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure (ISI) rating scale. Envision with the ISI’s scoring system helps rate project sustainability choices within 5 major categories: community quality of life, leadership, resources, climate and risk, and the natural world [11]. Even more importantly than benchmarking, the Envision assessment indicated areas where future improvements can be made on projects. The Envision rating system serves as a best practice resource for guidance on how to develop a project management system to foster sustainable designs. The Envision Sustainability Self-Assessment analyzed the City’s neighborhood street reconstruction program in 2015. The three Edina road reconstruction projects assessed were Arden Park Drive and 54th Street ($8.5M), Birchcrest Boulevard ($3.5M), and Valley View Road ($2.0M). The total points earned for each project, respectively, were Arden-102, Birchcrest- 68, and Valley- 67 out of the 789 total points available [12]. Edina would like to improve their Envision rating because it is a marker for the success of their sustainability mission. A section of Envision that the city can greatly improve their score in is Resource Allocations, it embodies the choice and use of materials throughout their lifespan [10]. The Envision review assessed a score of zero for resource sustainability in the three road rehabilitations. The Sustainable Infrastructure Project mainly focuses on the Resource category of Envision and how the city can select more sustainable materials to increase their ISI score. Report Outline The long-term goal is to characterize the lifetime carbon impact of every construction material, including the fabrication, installation, maintenance, and removal phases. The scope of this report is to perform a cradle-to-gate assessment of the four most commonly used construction materials. The body of this report is separated into three sections: Methodology, Analysis & Sustainable Improvements, and Future Work. 4 The Methodology section qualitatively describes the theory and process behind determining the four most commonly used construction materials and their associated embedded carbon. The Analysis & Sustainable Improvements section presents the values obtained for the embedded carbon of concrete, aggregate, asphalt, and pipe, and delivers the results from the analysis (calculations are provided in the Appendix). This section also identifies sustainable improvements, or components of each material which contribute most heavily to the total embedded carbon. Lastly, the Future Work section proposes the next steps for the city and identifies areas of future research which show promise for continued GHG reduction. 4 Methodology Selecting the Top Four Materials Quantifying the embedded carbon in construction materials is an intensive process. To that end, it was determined that only the top four materials used by the city would be selected for this analysis. All the projects completed in 2018 were categorized by material and ranked by total budget. Figure 4-1 presents a comparison between the budget allocated to different physical construction materials. Figure 4-1: Top construction materials used in 2018, by cost Projects including specialty items, such as fire hydrants, valves, and construction signs, in addition to construction administration, were not included in the above ranking. Note that the landscaping category does not entail other materials on the list, and is limited to water, soil, and trees. For the purpose of this analysis, the landscaping category was not considered a material as it is not suspected to contribute significantly to carbon emissions. 5 Out of the remaining categories in Figure 4-1, the top four construction materials are pipe, concrete, aggregate, and bituminous. Each of these construction materials have different manufacturing processes and raw material components, and therefore required separate analyses. The following sections describe the methodology for each construction material, including several sub-categories within concrete, aggregate, asphalt, and pipe. Top Four Building Materials Concrete In order to calculate the embedded carbon of concrete, the following assumptions were made: • Any sort of support material, such as steel bars or wood frames were not included in these calculations. • CO2 was calculated in pounds (lb) CO2 per lb of material, and the CO2 of three main materials in concrete were calculated: cement, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates. • Water and various admixtures were not considered in these calculations due to their low contribution overall to the embedded carbon of concrete. • Only coarse and fine aggregates incorporated in the concrete mix were considered. • A standard M20 concrete mix ratio of 1 part cement to 1.5 parts fine aggregate to 3 parts coarse aggregate with a 1.54 safety factor was assumed. Evaluating the embedded carbon of concrete first involved assessing how much concrete was used by Edina in 2018. A copy of the 2018 Quantities spreadsheet was created, with each individual project spreadsheet sorted according to item description. Once all concrete items were isolated, any concrete items listed under “removal” were eliminated. The majority of the construction projects completed with concrete were sidewalks, gutters, driveways, curbs, and castings. Installed concrete was reported in a variety of units. Concrete items were sorted according to the unit used to quantify the material: LF (linear foot), SF (square foot), SY (square yard), and EA (each item as a whole unit). For items with units of SF and SY, the volume of concrete was calculated by multiplying the quantity of area by the depth, provided in the item description (Calculations in Appendix B [23, 24]). Items with units of LF are MnDOT curbs and gutters: B618, D412, and Surmountable (See Appendix A for drawings). To find the volume of concrete, the cross-sectional area of the specified designs were multiplied by the LF. Finding the volume of items that were labeled as EA was difficult, as the dimensions of these items varied with each project and were not disclosed in the spreadsheet. Estimations were made according to base designs provided by the City of Edina’s Standard Plates and Specifications website. Total compiled volume of concrete was then multiplied by the standard M20 concrete mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 and a safety factor of 1.54 to establish the individual material’s volume within the 6 concrete mix. Once the total cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate volumes were obtained, the volumes were then multiplied by the material’s respective bulk density in order to obtain the weight of each material. These weights were then multiplied by the appropriate carbon coefficient in order to obtain pounds of CO2 per pounds of material. These coefficients are provided in the analysis portion of this report and detailed calculations are presented in Appendix B [23, 24]. Aggregate (Loose) In order to calculate the embedded carbon of loose aggregate, the following assumptions were made: • Use of recycled loose aggregates were not considered in these calculations. • Aggregate incorporated in concrete or asphalt mix was not considered in these calculations. • Loose aggregates were assumed to be a mix of 50% coarse and 50% fines. • Coarse and fine aggregates were assumed to have the same bulk density of 104 lb/ft3. Loose aggregate used by Edina in 2018 was placed as a base in road construction, part of retaining walls, and as a base for concrete sidewalks and roads. Determining the embedded carbon of loose aggregates involved isolating loose aggregate items in the 2018 Quantities spreadsheet and sorting according to the unit used to quantify the material: cubic yard (CY) and ton. For items with units of CY, the weight of loose aggregate was calculated by multiplying the volume by the bulk density of aggregate. This weight was then converted to tons and added to loose aggregate items already given in tons. Tons of loose aggregate were then multiplied by the estimated percentage of coarse and fine aggregate present (50/50) in order to determine the weight of coarse and fine aggregates. These weights were then multiplied by the respective carbon coefficient. These coefficients are provided in the analysis portion of this report and detailed calculations are presented in Appendix B [23, 24]. Asphalt The following calculations are simplified in order to highlight the general relationship between carbon and asphalt. These assumptions apply to the analysis: • Support material, such as steel bars or wood frames were not included in these calculations. • The two ingredients in asphalt are binder (bituminous) and aggregate. The City of Edina primarily uses asphalt for driveways and roads, and is open to using it as an alternative to concrete for sidewalks, if asphalt proves more sustainable. Asphalt is approximately 95% aggregate, and 5% bituminous binder [18]. A wide range of published values for the weight of carbon produced per weight of material, carbon coefficients, were identified in literature. As it was not possible to identify the most accurate source relevant to Edina, several reputable sources were reported and compared for analysis. The data from 2018 was 7 converted to a volume of cubic yards or tons. The analysis for asphalt was significantly simpler than concrete due to less ingredients and simpler given units. The specific asphalt calculations are presented in Appendix C [16, 18]. Pipe As shown in Figure 1, piping is one of the most used and most costly construction materials in the City of Edina 2018 public projects. The types of pipe used in Edina are: cured-in-place pipe (CIPP), reinforced concrete pipe (RCP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), ductile iron, copper, vitrified clay pipe (VCP), and polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVC). To determine which pipe type would potentially have the largest impact on CO2 emissions, the percentage of LF of each pipe installed was determined and is shown in Figure 4-2 below. Figure 4-2: Percentage of each pipe type used by the City of Edina in 2018 Figure 4-2 shows CIPP, HDPE, RCP, ductile iron, and PVC pipes had the most LF installed. Further analyses of the five most used pipe types were completed to characterize the total CO2 emissions for each pipe type. Calculations were carried out for the actual pipe sizes used by the City of Edina. This primarily consisted of determining the diameter and wall thickness to calculate the cross section and volume. Then multiplying the volume by density to determine the total weight, and the carbon coefficient (pounds of CO2 per pound of pipe) to determine the total pounds of CO2 per linear foot of each pipe type. Using the results from these calculations along with the quantities of materials used by the City of Edina, the total pounds of CO2 produced in 2018 for each pipe type was determined. Upon completion of these calculations, it was apparent that a 12 inch diameter was a common size used in the construction industry for the top five pipe types. Edina only used 12 inch RCP in their 2018 projects; therefore calculations were also completed for 12 inch CIPP, HDPE, 8 Ductile Iron, and PVC. Quantifying the CO2 per linear foot of each pipe type, considering a 12” diameter, allowed for a direct comparison between each pipe type. The step-by-step calculations for each 12” diameter pipe are presented in Appendix D [6, 25- 43]. The following subsections give background information for each pipe type and further clarification on calculations if applicable. 4.1.4.1 Cured-in Place Pipe (CIPP) Cured-in-Place Pipe is most commonly used where an existing pipe is severely damaged and is in need of replacement. CIPP piping is a jointless pipe lining that is inserted into an existing pipe to extend the service life of the pipe. To analyze the embedded carbon of CIPP piping, each component of CIPP piping should be considered to achieve the most accurate results. CIPP piping consists of layers of flexible felt, and fiberglass reinforcement to hold the resin inside the tube. In order to simplify the calculations, a weighted average of each material density was used to produce a single value for the density of CIPP pipe. The volumes of each material component were summed together to get a single volume for the CIPP pipe. 4.1.4.2 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) High-Density Polyethylene piping is commonly used for above and below ground municipal and industrial pipelines. Higher density HDPE piping is currently being used for water, gas, sewage, and wastewater distribution systems in Edina. The production of HDPE piping consists of extrusion, cooling, hot embossing, and cutting. The raw materials used are HDPE pellets made from virgin polyethylene granulates and recycled HDPE [6]. 4.1.4.3 Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) Reinforced Concrete Pipe is commonly used for applications such as sanitary sewers, storm drains, culverts, and irrigation distribution systems. RCP is composed of portland cement, aggregate, water, and the steel reinforcement bars. The calculations for RCP were completed using a weighted average of each component to produce a single value for density. 4.1.4.4 Ductile Iron Pipe Ductile Iron Pipe is commonly used for potable water transmission. To avoid corrosion, internal linings and external coatings are often applied. Ductile Iron pipe has a relatively long lifespan when compared to other pipe types and can often exceed 100 years. 4.1.4.5 Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC) Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe is most commonly used for plumbing and drainage applications. PVC has become a common replacement for metal piping due to its flexibility, durability, strength, and low cost. 9 5 Analysis & Sustainable Improvements Each material has a quantified embedded carbon which can be used to analyze alternative materials and technologies to reduce the GHG emissions. Each material: concrete, aggregate, asphalt, and pipe can all be sustainably improved. This section identifies opportunities within each material for simple sustainable improvements. Concrete The calculations for concrete are presented in Appendix B [23, 24]. The carbon coefficients for the main components in concrete are shown in Table 5-1. Source [13] utilizes information on concrete production from The Concrete Centre in the United Kingdom, source [14] utilizes more regional concrete production information from the United States, and source [15] utilizes information on concrete production from South Korea. The carbon coefficients vary depending on numerous assumptions made by researchers and are generally region specific. Table 5-1: Carbon coefficients for components in concrete Concrete Component Carbon Coefficients (lb CO2/lb) Cement Fine Aggregate (Sand) Coarse Aggregate Blast Furnace Slag Fly Ash Source Production Source 0.9497 0.00323 0.00224 * 0.0722 [14] USA 0.9 0.0044** ** 0.057 0.0044 [13] UK 0.82 0.0139 0.82 0.143 0.027 [15] South Korea *Not published **Source does not distinguish between coarse and fine aggregate Table 5-2: Carbon to dollar comparison Carbon to Dollar Comparison (using 2018 data) Source Production Source $ / lb CO2 lb CO2 / $ 0.74 1.36 [14] USA 0.77 1.30 [13] UK 0.20 5.00 [15] South Korea In Table 5-2, the carbon to dollar comparison relates the embedded carbon to dollars spent in 2018. According to source [14], for every $0.74 spent on concrete, 1 pound of CO2 is embedded. This parameter relates carbon emissions to budget, which can be used as a quick estimate to calculate embedded carbon for large projects. The embedded CO2 of cement mixtures using varying quantities of blast furnace slag and fly ash were calculated. Fly ash is a coal combustion byproduct and blast furnace slag is a byproduct of 10 iron production. When mixed with lime and water, these alternatives form a compound similar to Portland cement [19]. Figure 5-1 shows the estimated reduction of CO2 within a year based upon Portland cement being substituted with either fly ash or blast furnace slag in different ratios. These numbers show that even a small decrease in the amount of Portland cement used will decrease the total amount of CO2. Figure 5-1: Comparison of sustainable binder alternatives for concrete The above figure represents the benefits to sustainability by using alternative binders but does not address the negative consequences of alternative binders such as strength deficits. Further research is necessary to wholly characterize the effects of alternative binders to the integrity of concrete. Aggregate The calculations for loose aggregate are presented in Appendix B [23, 24]. While aggregates have a relatively small carbon coefficient, they often are used in large quantities, which can amplify the amount of embedded carbon in aggregates to comparable numbers. When focusing explicitly on loose aggregate, or aggregates not used within concrete mix or asphalt, one sustainable alternative is using recycled loose aggregate. Edina already utilizes this strategy and in 2018, Edina used approximately 10,000 yd3 of reclaimed loose aggregate salvaged from city construction sites. This equates to an estimated yearly reduction of 122,216 lbs of CO2. Significant amounts of CO2 can be reduced if recycled loose aggregate is used in place of new loose aggregate. Asphalt The calculations for asphalt are presented in Appendix C. Note that the results of this analysis are only as accurate as the initial carbon coefficient values entered in (Table 5-3). The long term goal is to obtain local carbon coefficients from manufacturers in order to select between 11 manufacturers. For the purpose of this analysis, several reputable sources were selected to highlight the process. The results of the analysis are presented in Table 5-3. Table 5-3: Carbon to dollar comparison of asphalt Published Carbon Coefficient Source Carbon to Dollar Comparison (using 2018 data) lb CO2 / lb asphalt $ / lb CO2 lb CO2 / $ 19.6 [16] $0.002 626.93 0.285 [17 $0.110 9.12 0.0238 [18] $1.314 0.76 Each of the above published carbon coefficients produce a significantly different value, resulting in high uncertainty. While some of the above coefficients produce a total embedded carbon value similar in magnitude to concrete, other sources differ by several factors of magnitude. Furthermore, the above values should not be taken as fact, but rather as a starting point and initial benchmark for future obtained carbon coefficients. One accurate aspect of this analysis, which can be taken at face value, is the breakdown of the contribution of each asphalt ingredient to the total embedded carbon. Figure 5-2 compares the contribution of each raw material to the total volume and embedded carbon of asphalt. (See Table C-1 in Appendix C [16, 18] for values used in the figure). Figure 5-2: Contribution of raw materials to volume and embedded carbon of one unit of asphalt The majority of the associated carbon emissions is from the binder material. Although the binder only contributes to 5% of the total weight of asphalt, the CO2 coefficient of the binder is approximately 160 times that of aggregate. There is an opportunity to increase the sustainability of asphalt with alternative binders or by using processes which decrease the 0%20%40%60%80%100% Contribtuion to Embedded Carbon Contribution to Volume of Apshalt Bituminous binder Aggregate 12 associated carbon emissions from binder production. However, any alternative binder material must meet strength requirements set by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. Pipes To evaluate the total CO2 produced by various pipe types in the City of Edina in 2018, the CO2 per linear foot of each pipe type was calculated, taking into consideration the different pipe diameters used. Examples of these calculations, considering a 12 inch diameter, are shown in Appendix D.1 [6, 25-35]. These calculations gave the results shown in Figure 5-3 below. Figure 5-3 : Total CO2 produced by the City of Edina in 2018, by pipe type The total carbon produced is greatest for CIPP, followed by Ductile Iron, RCP, HDPE, and PVC. Note that this is not an accurate representation of each pipe’s carbon intensity, or pounds of CO2 per linear foot of pipe, as the quantity of material used is not considered. For example, although CIPP produced the most emissions, it is not necessarily the most carbon intensive since a significant amount more of CIPP was used. This does however give a good gauge on the total CO2 produced from each pipe type by the City of Edina in 2018, showing which pipe types are responsible for the majority of the CO2 produced. A standardized pipe size allows for a direct comparison across the top 5 pipe types in terms of the pounds of CO2 per linear foot of pipe manufactured. The results of this comparison, considering a 12” diameter for each pipe type, are shown in Figure 5-4 below. 13 Figure 5-4: The CO2 per linear foot of each pipe type with a 12” diameter From the results shown in Figure 5-4, final conclusions were made as far as which pipes are more or less carbon intensive in terms of pounds of CO2 per linear foot. Ductile Iron pipes should be avoided as much as possible because they have the highest CO2 per linear foot of pipe. As Ductile Iron pipe is commonly used for water transport, it can be replaced with HDPE or PVC to achieve lower carbon emissions. Although CIPP produces the second most CO2 per linear foot and does not appear to be the best option, it is widely known as one of the most sustainable material solutions. This is due to the fact that CIPP is used as a trenchless rehabilitation method used to repair existing pipelines. The installation of CIPP normally extends the life span of existing pipes by 50 years or more while avoiding the carbon intensive aspects of a full pipe repair such as concrete or asphalt cutting, trenching, removal of the existing pipe, installation of the new pipe, and concrete or asphalt repair. This is where the full life cycle analysis will be crucial in the final decision as to which pipe types should be selected to reduce future carbon emissions in construction projects. Pipe values such as the dimensions, density, and carbon intensity vary from source to source, creating uncertainty in the calculations. The sources and values found and used in this analysis are shown in Appendix D.2 [6, 36-43]. Error can be attributed to the differences in the manufacturing processes that are considered by each source as well as the specific material composition used in the manufacturing process. To accommodate for these sources of error, a carbon calculator for each pipe type was provided to the City of Edina. The calculator allows the user to modify inputs, such as the carbon coefficient and density, in order to yield more accurate results as more reliable inputs become available. 14 Carbon Benchmark A summary of the total Carbon emitted in 2018 is provided in Table 5-4. This table can be used as a benchmark for future years to compare the reduction in carbon emissions. As the City of Edina implements more sustainable practices, they can expect to see a decrease in the yearly CO2 emissions within each sector. Table 5-4: Total CO2 emissions from 2018 construction projects involving concrete, aggregate, asphalt, and various pipe materials. Material Amount of material used in 2018 CO2 emissions produced in 2018 [lb CO2] Concrete 10,280,731 lb 1,853,221 Aggregate (Loose) 117,136,620 lb 320,367 Asphalt 25,152,562 lb 7,168,480 CIPP 15,000 LF 486,732 RCP 2,926 LF 201,299 Ductile Iron 2,653 LF 158,355 HDPE 13,133 LF 52,989 PVC 1,701 LF 22,687 Total 9,614,298 Note that the above table should not be used to compare construction materials categories as the underlying assumptions differ between sources (i.e. concrete and asphalt should not be compared, but individual pipe materials can be compared). 15 6 Future Studies Next Steps This report paved the way for future research on sustainable construction materials in the City of Edina. However, significant work is needed to fully and accurately characterize the materials discussed in this report. The following actions are recommended next: 1. Ask manufacturers for localized data on carbon emissions. Localized values for embedded carbon will produce reliable data that the City of Edina can use to begin making significant reductions in CO2. This would allow for a more accurate prioritization of material replacements and an accurate comparison between asphalt and concrete for road surfaces. 2. Estimate the contribution to the total embedded carbon for each part of the material life cycle (transportation, maintenance, and demolition). This may include suggestions in section 6.2 below. 3. Compare options and trade-offs within each material. What are the most optimal combinations of sustainable alternatives in terms of cost, maintenance, and demolition? For example, while some binder alternatives may reduce the embedded carbon, they will also likely reduce the strength and lifetime of the material. 4. Develop methods to incentivize the optimal sustainable solutions detected from the previous step. For example, give preference to local manufacturers when bidding projects or utilize a weighted ranking system for selecting materials, with a heavier weight on carbon than monetary cost. The following section elaborates on specific areas of research which may assist in performing the above tasks. Future Research Many sustainable solutions were identified throughout the course of this investigation. Not every idea could be investigated within the scope and schedule of this report. The following topics showed promise for reducing carbon emissions. It is recommended that the City conducts further research in these areas to meet their goal of 80% GHG reduction by 2050. Incorporating Manufacturer By-products in Projects Many manufacturing processes create by-products as a secondary result from synthesizing the desired material. The formation of by-products wastes raw materials, but they are inevitably produced during the energy intensive manufacturing process. The city is advised to investigate byproducts that can replace traditional construction materials. Implementing these changes would increase the ISI score for the Envision Leadership category, section LD2.1- Pursue By- product Synergy Opportunities. 16 Extend Lifespan Performing maintenance at optimal times on infrastructure such as bridges and roads has proven to increase their lifespan. Research can be done to schedule maintenance that will lengthen the longevity of structures. Scheduling maintenance at a frequency that will most extend the lifespan could reduce the number of replacements and financially benefit the city long term. Implementing these changes would increase the ISI score for the Envision Leadership category, section LD3.1- Plan for Long Term Monitoring and Maintenance. Effects of Transportation Distance Transportation of materials to job sites adds to the material’s embodied carbon. Decreasing the distance from manufacturer locations to job sites lowers emissions from vehicles. Quantifying the portion of a material's embodied carbon attributed to transportation is advised to assess the efficiency (cost, time, and carbon emissions) of using manufacturers located close to the site. Implementing these changes would increase the ISI score for the Envision Resources category, section RA1.4- Use Regional Materials. Road Surface Effect on Gas Efficiency Asphalt and concrete are the two most used materials for road surfaces. Different textures promote gas efficiency by reducing friction between road and tires. Comparing CO2 emission reductions for cars on various surfaces could impact future road design choices. Deconstruction for Reuse Deconstruction is the process of salvaging components for reuse and recycling after a structure is disassembled [20]. Deconstruction is an alternative to demolition and disposal that significantly reduces waste. Encouraging careful deconstruction maximizes the recovery of materials, reduces the need for raw materials, and diverts demolition debris from landfills. The process can be complicated and time consuming; additionally, certain materials are more ideal for recovery than others. For the city’s sustainable mission, it is advised to design for disassembly and assess what factors make materials more easily reused and recycled. Implementing these changes would increase the ISI score for the Envision Resources category, RA1.7- Provide for Deconstruction and Recycling. Effects of Disposal Construction materials are disposed of in various ways, and most materials that are not recycled end up in landfills [21]. Different materials degrade at various rates and generate various amounts of CO2. Further exploration can be conducted to characterize which materials produce the most CO2 while degrading in landfills. The Waste Reduction Hierarchy places “reducing materials” as the most important step for reducing CO2 emissions from materials followed by reuse, recycle, recovery, and safe disposal [22]. Thinking about this hierarchy is beneficial when prioritizing possible decarbonization 17 routes. Implementing these changes would increase the ISI score for the Envision Resources category, section RA1.5- Divert Waste from Landfills. Absorption of CO2 Certain materials like concrete and wood had been proven to absorb CO2 throughout their lifespan which may offset the carbon footprint associated with manufacturing. 7 Summary Sustainability is often thought of as a goal to be met in the future. Those goals will not be met unless sustainable measures are implemented in the present. The City of Edina takes sustainability seriously and aims high to see an 80% reduction of their current greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. One sector that has proven to be difficult to sustainably improve for Edina is construction, which scored low on the ISI rating system. Construction is a vital component of keeping the city safe and efficient, especially as infrastructure ages and the population continues to grow. Construction is notoriously unsustainable, with the lifecycle of the materials used sporting high embodied carbon values. However, significant research has shown that there are sustainable options in construction that are safe and can lower the embedded carbon. In addition to using sustainable materials, other measures can be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions attributed to the transportation, maintenance, and disposal lifecycle phases. In this report, Sustainable Integrations presented Edina with a roadmap to quantify the amount of carbon attributed with several high-use construction materials. The top four budget construction materials in 2018 were concrete, aggregate, asphalt, and pipes. The five pipe types included: Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC), High-Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE), Cured-In- Place Pipe (CIPP), Reinforced Concrete Pipe, and Ductile Iron. We focused exclusively on determining the embedded carbon through a cradle-to-gate assessment. By providing Edina with carbon coefficients of these four materials and a method of calculating the specific embedded carbon for each material, the city can make more informed choices where feasible. Through our research, Sustainable Integrations established that the binder in concrete and asphalt contained the highest embedded carbon. While asphalt binder only contributes to 5% of the total weight of asphalt, the carbon coefficient of the binder is approximately 160 times that of aggregate. Portland cement, the binder in concrete, only contributes a small portion of the concrete mix but has a significantly high carbon coefficient. Alternatives to Portland cement, such as fly ash and blast furnace slag, can decrease the embedded carbon of concrete significantly. We recommend future research regarding the effect of alternative binders in concrete and asphalt in their life cycles. Regarding pipe materials, HDPE pipe is the most sustainable alternative in terms of embedded carbon. It is recommended to use HDPE installations where applicable, in above and below ground water, gas, sewage, and wastewater pipelines. Ductile iron has the highest embedded carbon for pipe; therefore, it is advised to limit new installations. Ductile Iron pipe is commonly used for water transport and can be replaced with HDPE or PVC to achieve lower carbon emissions. 18 During the process of finding the four construction materials, researching their carbon coefficients, and calculating their embedded carbon, Sustainable Integrations compiled all the calculations and coefficients into a spreadsheet. This spreadsheet can be used by city engineers and other employees to gain insight on how much embedded carbon future projects could contain. The embedded carbon calculator spreadsheet was created as a tool to aid Edina in meeting its sustainability goals in the years to come. While more research is needed to fully characterize sustainable solutions, Edina now has the advantage of knowing the embedded carbon of their construction materials. This information can help Edina formulate policy surrounding sustainable construction practices and eventually be polished to be incorporated within specifications and bidding contracts. 19 8 References [1] Wang, T., “U.S. Public Construction - Statistics & Facts,” Statista, September 2, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/topics/1256/public-construction/. [Accessed: April 12, 2020]. [2] M. Grant, “Understanding Sustainability,” Investopedia. April 5, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sustainability.asp [Accessed: April 5, 2020]. [3] NASA Conceptual Image Lab. “Greenhouse Gases Effect on Global Warming,” NASA, September 7, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20114 [Accessed: March 10, 2020]. [4] NASA, “Overview: Weather, Global Warming and Climate Change,” NASA. [Online]. Available: https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/global-warming-vs-climate-change/ [Accessed: March 10, 2020]. [5] “New report: the building and construction sector can reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050,” World Green Building Council, September 23, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.worldgbc.org/news-media/WorldGBC-embodied-carbon-report- published [Accessed: February 5, 2020]. [6] A. Alsadi. “Evaluation of Carbon Footprint During the Life-Cycle of Four Different Pipe Materials” Louisiana Tech University. Dissertation 37, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://digitalcommons.latech.edu/dissertations/37 [Accessed: March 10, 2020]. [7] “Life Cycle Analysis,” The Environmental Literacy Council. [Online]. Available: https://enviroliteracy.org/environment-society/life-cycle-analysis/ [Accessed: April 5, 2020]. [8] L. Albeck-Ripka, “How to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint,” The New York Times, [Online]. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/guides/year-of-living-better/how-to- reduce-your-carbon-footprint [Accessed: March 10, 2020]. [9] Circular Ecology, “Glossary of Terms- Circular Ecology,” Circular Ecology. [Online]. Available: https://www.circularecology.com/glossary-of-terms-and- definitions.html#.XpPF_C2ZOu4. [Accessed: April 13, 2020]. 20 [10] U.S. Census Bureau. “U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Edina city, Minnesota,” U.S. Census Bureau. [Online]. Available: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/edinacityminnesota [Accessed: March 1, 2020]. [11] Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure. “A Ranking System for Sustainable Infrastructure,” Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure. Envision, v. 2, 2012. [12] Emmons & Olivier Resources, Inc. “Envision Sustainability Self - Assessment of City Road Projects,” December 2015. [13] T. García-Segura, V. Yepes & J. Alcalá. “Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of blended cement concrete including carbonation and durability.” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19(1), 3–12. doi: 10.1007/s11367-013-0614-0, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11367-013-0614-0 [Accessed: February 15, 2020]. [14] S. H. Smith and S. A. Durham, “A cradle to gate LCA framework for emissions and energy reduction in concrete pavement mixture design,” International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 23–33, 2016. [Online]. [Accessed: March 10, 2020]. [15] T. Hong, C. Ji, and H. Park, “Integrated model for assessing the cost and CO2 emission (IMACC) for sustainable structural design in ready-mix concrete,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 103, pp. 1–8, 2012. [Online]. [Accessed: March 10, 2020]. [16] Emerald Eco Label, “An Environmental Product Declaration for Asphalt Mixtures,” Environmental Product Declaration 14.20.67 v10, March 3, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://asphaltepd.org/published/epd/67/ [Accessed: February 27, 2020]. [17] J. Chehovits, L. Galehouse, “Energy Usage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Pavement Preservation Processes for Asphalt Concrete Pavements,” Compendium of Papers from the First International Conference on Pavement Preservation. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/657850209.pdf [Accessed March 12, 2020]. [18] L.P. Thives, E. Ghis, “Asphalt mixtures emission and energy consumption: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72 (2017) 473-484, 2017. [Online] Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.087 [Accessed: April 2, 2020]. 21 [19] Federal Highway Administration, “Pavements,” Federal Highway Administration. June 27, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/Pavement/recycling/fach01.cfm [Accessed: February 9, 2020]. [20] Urban Sustainability Directors Network, “Encouraging and Mandating Building Deconstruction,” Urban Sustainability Directors Network. [Online]. Available: https://sustainableconsumption.usdn.org/initiatives-list/encouraging-and-mandating- building-deconstruction [Accessed: March 14, 2020]. [21] Environmental Protection Agency, “Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials,” Environmental Protection Agency, November 13, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and- demolition-materials [Accessed: February 22, 2020]. [22] Environmental Protection Agency, “Sustainable Materials Management: Non-Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Hierarchy,” Environmental Protection Agency, August 17, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management- non-hazardous-materials-and-waste-management-hierarchy [Accessed: March 20, 2020]. [23] S. M. Dumne, “Effect of Superplasticizer on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self- Compacting Concrete Containing Fly Ash,” American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 205–2011, 2014. [Online]. [Accessed: March 5, 2020]. [24] S. H. Kosmatka and M. L. Wilson, Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association, 2017. [Online]. [Accessed: March 5, 2020]. [25] PVC Fittings Online, “PVC Pipe Dimensions ⅛” through 24”” , September 25, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/resource-center/pvc-pipe-dimensions-18-through-24/ [Accessed: March 25, 2020]. [26] N. Narita, M. Sagisaka, A. Inaba, “Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of CO2 Emissions Manufacturing Commodity Plastics in Japan”, September, 2002. [Online] Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02978888 . [Accessed: March 25, 2020] [27] “HDPE Pipe Reference,” HDPE Pipe. [Online]. Available: https://www.petersenproducts.com/HDPE-Pipe-s/1983.htm. [Accessed: March 25, 2020]. [28] “High-density polyethylene,” Wikipedia, 14-Feb-2020. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethylene. [March 25, 2020]. 22 [29] “Environmental Technical Brief: HDPE,” Environmental Technical Brief: HDPE - Dordan Manufacturing. [Online]. Available: https://info.dordan.com/hs-fs/hub/194012/file- 19954038-pdf/docs/environmental_tech_brief_hdpe.pdf. [Accessed: March 25, 2020]. [30] “Liners,” Fast Pipe Lining, Inc. [Online]. Available: https://fastpipelining.com/liners/. [Accessed: March 25, 2020]. [31] “12’, 15’, 18’, 24’, 30’ Diameter Reinforced Concrete ‘B’ Wall Pipe,” Reinforced Concrete Pipe, 11-Feb-2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.jensenprecast.com/Reinforced- Concrete-Pipe/Concrete-Pipe-p14510/. [Accessed: March 25, 2020]. [32] “15’ Dia. Round Reinforced Concrete Pipe,” Oldcastle Infrastructure, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://oldcastleinfrastructure.com/product/15-dia-round-reinforced-concrete- pipe/. [Accessed: March 25, 2020]. [33] “Emission Factors of Construction Materials,” Supplementary Information - MDPI, 2015. [Online]. Available: www.mdpi.com. [Accessed: March 25, 2020]. [34] Standard Dimensions. [Online]. Available: https://american-usa.com/products/ductile-iron- pipe-and-fittings/fabricated-items/wall-pipe/standard-dimensions. [Accessed: March 25, 2020 [35] The Density of Ductile Iron. [Online]. Available: http://www.iron-foundry.com/ductile-iron- density.html. [Accessed: March 25, 2020]. [36] “Water Treatment Solutions,” Lenntech Water treatment & purification. [Online]. Available: https://www.lenntech.com/polyvinyl-chloride-pvc.htm. [Accessed: April 29, 2020]. [37] “Amounts of CO2 Released When Making & Using Products,” CO2List.org. [Online]. Available: http://www. CO2list.org/files/carbon.htm. [Accessed: April 29, 2020]. [38] J. M. Baldasano Recio, “Estimate of energy consumption and CO2 emission associated with the production, use and final disposal of PVC, HDPE, PP, ductile iron and concrete pipes,” CO2 Emissions - Spending Smarter, 2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.spendingsmarter.ca/assets/life_cycle_analysis.pdf. [Accessed: March 15, 2020]. [39] “Welcome to the British Precast Drainage Association (BPDA),” British Precast Drainage Association | Concrete Pipes | BPDA. [Online]. Available: https://www.precastdrainage.co.uk/. [Accessed: April 30, 2020]. 23 [40] “Flotation of Circular Concrete Pipe,” Design Data 22 - American Concrete Pipe Association, 11-Dec-2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.concretepipe.org/wp- content/uploads/2014/09/DD_22.pdf. [Accessed: April 15, 2020]. [41] M. Meinshausen, “The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300,” Research Gate, Nov-2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229032271_The_RCP_greenhouse_gas_conce ntrations_and_their_extensions_from_1765_to_2300. [Accessed: March 15, 2020]. [42] V. Fthenakis, “Ecoinvent Database,” Ecoinvent Database - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/ecoinvent-database. [Accessed: April 29, 2020]. [43] “Ductile Iron Through-Wall Pipe,” Manufacturers, Suppliers, Exporters & Importers from the world's largest online B2B marketplace-Alibaba.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Ductile-Iron-Through-wall-Pipe- Flange_60237561129.html. [Accessed: April 29, 2020]. 24 Appendix A- MnDOT Curb and Gutter Drawings When calculating the volume of concrete used by Edina in 2018, the data provided quantified concrete in various units. One unit used was linear feet (LF). Items with units of LF are MnDOT curbs and gutters: B618, D412, and Surmountable (Figure A1). To find the volume of concrete, the cross-sectional area of the specified designs were multiplied by the LF. Figure A-1: MnDOT Curb and Gutter Designs 25 Appendix B - Additional Information for Concrete & Aggregate B.1 Calculations Calculating the embedded carbon of concrete and loose aggregate involved two main parts. The first part involved converting units used within the 2018 Quantities spreadsheet to a single volume unit. The second part involved finding the weights of each individual material and then multiplying that weight by the appropriate carbon coefficient. The following tables (Tables B-1& B-2) show how data was presented in the 2018 Quantities spreadsheet, and the calculations needed to find the volume of concrete. Table B-1: SF concrete calculations Rows from actual spreadsheet SF Item Description Quantities Used Volume (ft3) BA-445 4-INCH CONCRETE WALK 2 0.67 Description of Column Unit Used (ft2) Depth of concrete is 4 inches 2 quantities of unit, so 2 Square feet Multiply “Quantities Used” by Depth provided “Item Description” Calculations (2 𝑎𝑟2)(4 �ℎ𝑙𝑎�𝑎𝑟)(1 𝑎𝑟 12 �ℎ𝑙𝑎�𝑎𝑟) =0.67 𝑎𝑟3 Table B-2: SY concrete calculations Rows from actual spreadsheet SY Item Description Quantities Used Volume (ft3) BA-445 6" CONCRETE DRIVEWAY PAVEMENT 49 220.5 Description of Column Unit Used (yd2) Depth of concrete is 6 inches 49 quantities of unit, so 49 Square yards Multiply “Quantities Used” by Depth provided “Item Description” Calculations (49 𝑦𝑎2)(9 𝑎𝑟2 1 𝑦𝑎2)(6 �ℎ𝑙𝑎�𝑎𝑟)(1 𝑎𝑟 12 �ℎ𝑙𝑎�𝑎𝑟) =220.5 𝑎𝑟3 26 Loose aggregate quantities were provided in the same style in the spreadsheet as concrete. Loose aggregates were given in units of cubic yards and tons. For cubic yards, loose aggregate was multiplied by a combined bulk aggregate density of 104 lb/ft3, and then converted to tons by dividing the weight by 2000 lbs. The second part of the calculations involved finding the individual weights of the different raw materials that make up concrete and loose aggregate. Concrete is composed of portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and various admixtures. Water and various admixtures were not considered in these calculations due to their low contribution overall to the embedded carbon of concrete. A standard M20 concrete mix ratio of 1 part cement to 1.5 parts fine aggregate to 3 parts coarse aggregate was assumed. This ratio is then used to determine the volume of the mix material within the overall volume of concrete. This ratio was then multiplied by a safety factor of 1.54. This safety factor accounts for the approximately 50% increase in volume from wet to dry concrete. Once a volume is obtained, the volume is multiplied by the mix material’s bulk density (Table B-3) to obtain the weight of each mix material. The weight is multiplied by the respective carbon coefficient (unique to each mix material) to obtain lbs of CO2. Carbon coefficients are provided in the analysis portion of the report. Example, calculate the lbs of CO2 contributed by portland cement in 100 ft3 of concrete: 1:1.5:3 concrete mix ratio, total concrete mix ratio of 5.5 1 part cement, so 1 5.5 ∗1.54 ∗100 𝑎𝑟3 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑎=28 𝑎𝑟3 𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑟 28 𝑎𝑟3𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑟∗93.64 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑟3 =2,622 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑟 2,622 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑟∗0.9497 𝑙𝑎 𝐶𝑂2 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑟=2,490 𝑙𝑎 𝐶𝑂2 In order to find the weight of each mix material within concrete, the bulk density of each mix material must be used. Bulk densities of the mix materials are provided in Table B-3: Table B-3: Bulk Densities of Mix Materials Units are lb material/ft3 Source: [23], [24] Cement Fine Aggregate (Sand) Coarse Aggregate Blast Furnace Slag Fly Ash 93.64 105 103 76 70 For determining the lbs of CO2 from loose aggregates, once the quantity of loose aggregate is calculated in tons, the percentage of coarse and fine aggregates that make up the total loose aggregate must be considered. Even though the same bulk density can be used for coarse and fine aggregate, the carbon coefficients are unique to each type of aggregate. For calculating the 27 total CO2 emitted by construction materials used by Edina in 2018, an 50/50 ratio was assumed. Meaning, loose aggregate was assumed to be composed of 50% fine aggregate (sand) by weight and 50% coarse aggregate by weight. Multiplying the total loose aggregate by the respective percentage gives the weight of the respective aggregate type. The weight is multiplied by the respective carbon coefficient to obtain lbs of CO2. Carbon coefficients are provided in the analysis portion of the report. Example, calculate the lbs of CO2 contributed by fine aggregate in 10 tons of loose aggregate: 10 𝑟𝑙𝑙𝑟 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑎∗0.5 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎�ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑟=5 𝑟𝑙𝑙𝑟 𝑎�ℎ𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟 5 𝑟𝑙𝑙𝑟∗2000 𝑙𝑎𝑟 1 𝑟𝑙𝑙=10,000 𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎�ℎ𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑎 10,000 𝑙𝑎 𝑎�ℎ𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟∗0.00323 𝑙𝑎 𝐶𝑂2 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑟=32.3 𝑙𝑎 𝐶𝑂2 The same carbon coefficients used for coarse and fine aggregates in concrete were used for loose aggregate. This is because the coarse and fine aggregates used in concrete are defined as loose aggregates until they are incorporated into the concrete mix. It is assumed there is negligible change, especially when only considering the fabrication portion of the material life cycle. 28 Appendix C - Additional Information for Asphalt C.1 Calculations This section describes the basic calculations used to produce the asphalt tab of the Embedded Carbon Calculator Spreadsheet. The following assumptions apply to the calculation: • Any sort of support material, such as steel bars or wood frames were not included in these calculations. • CO2 was calculated in pounds (lb) of CO2 per ton of material, and the CO2 of the two materials in asphalt, binder (bituminous) and aggregate. • The density of asphalt is assumed to be 145 lb/ft3, • The carbon coefficient from source [16] is used, 19.6 lb CO2 per lb asphalt. For this sample calculation, a 6-inch-deep, 3-foot-wide, 6-yard-long piece of sidewalk will be laid. This equates to 1 cubic yard. This process can be repeated by simply replacing the constant, 19.6 lb CO2/lb asphalt with a different value. Three values are provided in the spreadsheet tool. The final quantity of CO2 produced varies greatly depending on the source used for the initial carbon coefficient. This can be attributed to varied initial assumptions, errors in analysis, and the use of different material components. Table C-1 displays the breakdown of carbon emissions for each component in asphalt [18]. Although the specific values in the table are from one source, which may or may not be used in the future, the ratio between values is consistent and can be used regardless of the initial carbon coefficient selected. Table C-1: Breakdown of carbon emissions of asphalt components [18] Component % Weight lb CO2 / lb material lb CO2 from component Total lb CO2 / lb asphalt Aggregate 0.95 0.0026 0.0025 0.0238 Asphalt cement (binder) 0.05 0.426 0.0213 29 Appendix D - Additional Information for Pipe D.1 Calculations As mentioned in the pipe methodology, Quantifying the CO2 per linear foot of each pipe type, considering a 12” diameter, allowed for a direct comparison between each pipe type. Step-by- step CO2 calculation summary tables are shown below. D.1.1 PVC The following table summarizes the calculations completed to determine and standardize the CO2 emissions produced per linear foot of 12” diameter PVC pipe. Table D-1: 12 inch Diameter PVC CO2 Calculation Summary Line Number Value Description Values Calculation By Line Number (If Applicable) References 1 Nominal Pipe Size [in] 12 2 Outter Diameter [in] 12.75 [25] 3 Inside Diameter [in] 11.889 [25] 4 Thickness [in] 0.861 2 - 3 5 Cross Sectional Area [in2] 16.662 6 Volume Per Linear Foot [in3] 199.939 7 Density [lb/in3] 0.0524 [6] 8 Total Weight Per Foot [lb] 10.477 6 x 7 9 CO2 [kg CO2/kg PVC] 1.7 [26] 10 Total CO2 [lb CO2/Linear ft PVC] 17.811 8 x 9 30 D.1.2 HDPE The following table summarizes the calculations completed to determine and standardize the CO2 emissions produced per linear foot of 12” diameter HDPE pipe. Table D-2: 12 inch Diameter HDPE CO2 Calculation Summary Line Number Value Description Values Calculation By Line Number (If Applicable) References 1 Nominal Pipe Size 12 2 Outer Diameter [in] 12.75 [27] 3 Thickness [in] 1.159 [27] 4 Cross Sectional Area [in2] 22.157 5 Cross Sectional Area [ft2] 0.154 6 Density [lb/in3] 0.034 [28] 7 Volume Per Linear foot [in3] 265.884 8 Total Weight [lb] 9.029 6 x 7 9 CO2 [kg CO2/kg HDPE] 1.478 [29] 10 Total CO2 [lb CO2/Linear ft HDPE] 13.345 8 x 10 D.1.3 CIPP The following table summarizes the calculations completed to determine and standardize the CO2 emissions produced per linear foot of 12” diameter CIPP pipe. Table D-3: 12 inch Diameter CIPP CO2 Calculation Summary Line Number Value Description Values Calculation By Line Number (If Applicable) References 1 Outer Diameter [in] 12 2 Thickness 0.3543 [30] 3 Cross Sectional Area [in2] 6.580 4 Volume [in3] Per Linear Foot 78.958 5 Total Weight [lb] Per Linear Foot 3.454 4 x 6 6 Total Density 0.0437 [6] 7 CO2 [lb CO2/lb CIPP] 16.917 [6] 8 Total CO2 [lb CO2/Linear ft CIPP] 58.434 5 x 7 31 D.1.4 RCP The following table summarizes the calculations completed to determine and standardize the CO2 emissions produced per linear foot of 12” diameter RCP pipe. Table D-4: 12 inch Diameter RCP CO2 Calculation Summary Line Number Value Description Values Calculation By Line Number (If Applicable) References 1 Outer Diameter [in] 12 2 Wall Thickness [in] 2 [31] 3 Density [kg/ft^3] 175.75 [32] 4 Cross-sectional Area [in2] 34.557 5 Cross-sectional Area [ft2] 0.240 6 Volume per linear ft [ft3] 0.240 7 Total Weight Per Linear ft [kg] 42.177 6 x 3 [32] 8 CO2 [kg CO2/kg RCP] 0.153 [33] 9 Total CO2 [kg CO2/linear ft RCP] 6.453 7 x 8 10 Total CO2 [lb CO2/linear ft RCP] 14.227 D.1.5 Ductile Iron The following table summarizes the calculations completed to determine and standardize the CO2 emissions produced per linear foot of 12” diameter Ductile Iron pipe. Table D-5: 12 inch Diameter Ductile Iron CO2 Calculation Summary Line Number Value Description Values Calculation By Line Number (If Applicable) References 1 Outter Diameter [in] 12 2 Wall Thickness [in] 0.4 [34] 3 Cross-Sectional Area [in2] 7.414 4 Cross-Sectional Area [ft2] 0.051 5 Volume [ft3] Per Linear Foot 0.051 6 Density [lb/ft3] 455.72 [35] 7 Weight [lb] Per Linear Foot 23.464 5 x 6 8 Embedded Carbon [lb CO2/lb] 2.7 [33] 9 Total CO2 [lb CO2/linear ft Ductile Iron Pipe] 63.352 7 x 8 32 D.2 Pipe Values and Sources As mentioned in the pipe analysis, section 5.4, uncertainty is present for pipe calculations largely due to pipe values such as density and carbon intensity or pounds of CO2 per pound of pipe varying from source to source. To accommodate for this error, carbon calculators were provided to the City of Edina that currently are using the values highlighted green in the tables below to calculate the desired coefficient of pounds of CO2 per linear foot of pipe. As these values become more standardized and other sources are found, new values can be added to these tables for comparison and substituted into the carbon calculators to achieve a more accurate result. D.2.1 PVC Table D-6: PVC Primary Values and References PVC Density [lb/in3] Reference CO2 Factor [lb CO2/lb PVC] Reference Source 1 0.0524 [6] 4.86 [28] Source 2 0.05 [36] 1.7 [26] Source 3 4.4 [37] D.2.2 HDPE Table D-7: HDPE Primary Values and References HDPE Density [lb/in3] Reference CO2 Factor [lb CO2/lb HDPE] Reference Source 1 0.03486 [6] 1.478 [29] Source 2 0.03396 [28] 1.99 [38] Source 3 2.97 [39] Source 4 2.52 [33] Source 5 2 [37] D.2.3 CIPP Table D-8: CIPP Primary Values and References CIPP Density [lb/in3] Reference CO2 Factor [lb CO2/lb CIPP] Reference Source 1 0.0437 [6] 16.917 [6] 33 D.2.4 RCP Table D-9: RCP Primary Values and References RCP Density [kg/ft3] Reference CO2 Factor [lb CO2/lb RCP] Reference Source 1 175.75 [32] 0.48 [6] Source 2 145.8 [40] 0.113 [41] Source 3 0.148 [28] Source 4 0.147 [39] Source 5 0.153 [33] Source 6 0.12 [42] D.2.5 Ductile Iron Table D-10: Ductile Iron Primary Values and References Ductile Iron Density [lb/ft3] Reference CO2 Factor [lb CO2/lb Ductile Iron] Reference Source 1 455.72 [35] 2.7 [33] Source 2 437 [43] 1.43 [28] Source 3 2.55 [38] 34 Appendix E - Schedule and Budget At the beginning of this project a schedule and budget was created that estimated the hours each task would require to be completed. Figures E-1 shows the difference between cumulative planned hours and actual project hours spent over the course of the project on a weekly basis. Figure E-2 Figure E-1: Total planned hours compared to actual project hours spent Figure E-2: Percent completion of each task Table E-1 gives more detail on the budget with total hours planned, actual time, and cost associated with each project task. 35 Table E-1: Project Budget with associated time and cost of each task. Project Task Projected time expenditure (hrs) Projected cost Responsible team member(s) Actual time expenditure (hrs) Actual cost Project Plan (PP) 15.0 $1,125.00 ALL 23.0 $1,725.00 Meet with Mentor(s) 36.0 $2,700.00 ALL 44.3 $3,318.75 Biweekly Project Reports 25.0 $1,875.00 ALL 34.3 $2,568.75 Report 1st Draft 36.0 $2,700.00 ALL 53 $3,975.00 Report 2nd Draft 38.0 $2,850.00 ALL 26.0 $1,950.00 Final Report 38.0 $2,850.00 ALL 81.5 $6,112.50 Midterm Presentation 32.0 $2,400.00 ALL 34.5 $2,587.50 Final Presentation 49.0 $3,675.00 ALL 46.0 $3,450.00 Task #1: ISI Category Review 36.0 $2,700.00 ALL 12.0 $900.00 Task #2: Carbon Analysis 61.0 $4,575.00 Tasha, Jim, Celina 71.5 $5,362.50 Task #3: Reserach Alternatives 90.0 $6,750.00 Tasha, Jim, Celina 3.5 $262.50 Task #4: Consult Experts 40.0 $3,000.00 Jamie 3.5 $262.50 Task #5: Specification Writing 50.0 $3,750.00 None 0.0 $0.00 Task #6: Life Cycle Analysis 68.0 $5,100.00 ALL 0.0 $0.00 Task #7: Cost Analysis 70.0 $5,250.00 Celina and Tasha 22.0 $1,650.00 Task #8: Determine Standardized Reporting Methods 51.0 $3,825.00 ALL 6.0 $450.00 TOTAL 735.0 $55,125.00 461.0 $34,575.00 (Avg. Per Person) 183.75 $9,187.50 115.25 $5,762.50